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Table 2 Psychometric properties of the neck disability index

From: Patient-reported outcome measures for non-specific neck pain validated in the Italian-language: a systematic review

Authors, year (language)

Population

Sample size

Dimensionality

Internal consistency

Reliability

Validity

Responsiveness

Distribution-based methods

Anchor-based methods

Hains et al, 1998 (English) [53]

NP

237

1 factor

α = .92

–

rp = .65 VAS-P

–

–

Stratford et al, 1999

(English) [54]

NP

50

1 factor

α = .87

ICC = .94 (1-sided lower 95 % CI .87)

r = .70 prognostic ratings of change

MDC = 4.7 points SEM = 2 points

MCID = 5 points

AUC = .90 (Spec .80; Sens .78)

Chok & Gomez, 2000 (Malaysian) [26]

NP

22

–

–

k = .90

–

–

–

Ackelman & Lindgren, 2002 (Swedish) [27]

Chronic NP >3 months

39

–

–

rs = .94–.99

rs = .95 DRI

rs = -.88 SF-36 PF subscale

rs = .86 VAS-A

rs = .60 VAS-P

–

–

Wlodyka-Demaille et al, 2002 (French) [28]

Neck disorders >15 days

101

2 factors: Function and disability; Neck pain

–

ICC = .93

rs = .88 NPQ

rs = .79 NPDS

rs = .54 HADS-D

rs = .50 VAS-D

rs = .48 VAS-P

rs = .43 HADS-A

rs = -.41 ROM (Flex-Ext)

–

–

Wlodyka-Demaille et al, 2004 (French) [75]

Neck disorders >15 days

71

–

–

–

–

ES = .55

SRM = .55

–

Lee et al, 2006 (Korean) [29]

NP

180

–

α = .92

ICC2,1 = .90 (95 % CI .81–.94)

–

ES = 1.04 (84 % CI .94–1.13)

SRM = 1.17 (84 % CI 1.06–1.28)

AUC = .79 (95 % CI .72–.86)

Vos et al, 2006 (Dutch) [30]

First time or recurrent NP

79

–

–

ICC = .90 (95 % CI .82–.95)

LoA = -7.40 - + 7.92

–

MDC = 1.66 points SEM = 0.60 points

Guyatt = 1.82

 

Gay et al, 2007

(English) [59]

NP >3 months

23

–

α = .72–.77

–

rs = .77–.80 NBQ

rs = .44–.45 VAS-P

ES = 1.12

SRM = 1.21

–

Kose et al, 2007 (Turkish) [31]

NP >6 weeks

102

–

α = .90

ICC = .86

r = .71 VAS-D

r = .65 VAS-P

r = .58 Pain with palpation

r = .50 Pain with motion

r = -.41 ROM (Flex-Ext)

r = -.41 ROM (Rot)

SRM = .85–.86

–

Mousavi et al, 2007 (Iranian) [32]

NP

185

–

α = .88

ICC = .97

rp = .86 NPDS

rp = .71 VAS-P

rp = -.70–-.36 SF-36 subscales

–

–

Pool et al, 2007 (Dutch) [63]

NP and/or stiffness >2 weeks

183

–

–

–

–

MDC = 10.5 points

MCID = 3.5 points (Spec .70; Sens .90)

Cleland et al, 2008

(English) [60]

NP

138

–

–

ICC2,1 = .50 (95 % CI .51–.87)

rp = .56

–

MDC = 19.6 points

SEM = 8.4 points

MCID = 9.5 points (Spec .72; Sens .83)

AUC = .83 (95 % CI .75–.90)

Trouli et al, 2008 (Greek) [33]

NP

65

1 factor

α = .85

ICC = .93 (95 % CI.84–.97)

–

MDC = 1.78 points SEM = .64 points

–

Chan et al, 2009 (English) [74]

Chronic NP

20

–

–

–

rp = .86 NPDS

rp = .62 PET

–

–

Telci et al, 2009 (Turkish) [36]

Chronic NP

88

–

–

ICC = .98 (CI 95 % = .97–.99)

rp = .62 VAS-P

rp = .73 NPDS

–

–

van der Velde et al, 2009 (English) [57]

Mechanical NP

521

RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #3 lifting, and #5 headache

–

–

NDI-8: rs = .42 Pain

–

–

Young et al, 2009 (English) [61]

Mechanical NP

91

–

–

ICC2,1 = .64 (95 % CI.19–.84)

–

MDC = 10.2 points SEM = 4.3 points

MCID = 7.5 points

AUC = .79 (95 % CI .68-.89)

Andrade Ortega et al, 2010 (Spanish) [34]

NP

175

1 factor

α = .89

ICC = .98 (95 % CI.98–.99)

rp = .89 NPQ

rp = .65 VAS-P

–

–

Jorritsma et al, 2010 (Dutch)

[70]

NP >3 months

32

–

–

ICC = .84 (95 % CI.69–.92

LoA = ±6.5

–

–

–

Salo et al, 2010 (Finnish) [37]

NP

101

1 factor

α = .85

ICC = .94 (95 % CI.90–.96)

rp = .53 VAS-P

rp = .43 DEPS

–

–

Wu et al, 2010 (Chinese) [38]

NP >3 months

125

–

α = .89

ICC = .95

rp = .81 NPDS

rp = -.76 to -.33 SF-36 subscales

rp = .75 VAS-P

–

–

Odole et al, 2011 (Nigerian) [35]

Mechanical NP

32

–

–

r = .97

–

–

–

Pickering et al, 2011 (English) [55]

Mechanical NP

88

1 factor: NP and dysfunction related to activities

–

–

–

–

–

Shakil et al, 2011 (Hindi) [39]

NP

148

–

α = .99

ICC = .98

–

–

–

Uthaikhup et al, 2011 (Thai) [40]

NP

181

1 factor

α = .85

ICC = .85

rs = .64 VAS-P

MDC = 16.1 points

SEM = 5.8 points

–

Monticone et al, 2012 (Italian) [21]

Chronic NSNP >12 weeks

101

2 factors: activity of daily living (F#1), pain and concentration (F#2)

α = .84

F#1: α = .82

F#2: α = .72

ICC = .85 (95 % CI.78–.89)

F#1: ICC = .81 (95 % CI .73–.87)

F#2: ICC = .83 (95 % CI .76–.88)

rs = .69 NPDS

rs = .55 HADS-D

rs = .44 NRS

rs = .42 HADS-A

MDC = 3 points

F#1: MDC = 1

F#2: MDC = 1

–

Kesiktas et al, 2012 (Turkish) [41]

NP

30/185

1 factor

α = .88

ICC = .87–1.0

rs = .76 VAS-D

rs = .62 HADS-D

rs = .60 VAS-P

rs = .58 HADS-A

–

–

Jorritsma et al, 2012a (Dutch) [62]

Chronic NP

125

–

α = .83

–

rp = .77 NPDS

rp = -.63–.34 SF-36 subscales

rp = .52 VAS-D

rp = .43 VAS-P

–

–

Jorritsma et al, 2012b (Dutch) [64]

Chronic NP

125

–

–

–

–

MDC: 8.4 points

SEM: 3.0 points

MCID: 3.5 points (Spec .66; Sens .74)

AUC = .75 (95 % CI .64–.87)

Nakamaru et al, 2012

(Japanese) [43]

NP (acute, subacute and chronic)

110

2 factors: activities, symptoms

α = .88

ICC = .91 (95 % CI.82–.85)

rp = -.51–.25 SF-36 subscales

MDC = 6.8 points SEM = 2.9 points

–

Luksanapruksa et al, 2012 (Thai) [42]

Outpatients with NP

46

1 factor (activities)

α = .92

ICC = .99

rP = .89 VAS-P

rP = -.43 SF-36

–

–

Ailliet et al, 2013

(Dutch) [44]

NP

338

RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing item #6 concentration

–

–

rp = .75 DASH

–

–

Guzy et al, 2013 (Polish) [45]

NSNP >7 weeks

95

2 factors

α = .82

F#1: α = .77

F#2: α = .73

ICC = .99 (95 % CI.98–.99)

LoA = ±2.48

rp = .55 VAS-P

MDC = 5.96 points SEM = 2.15 points

SRM = 1.61

MCID = 6.5 points (Spec .81; Sens.90)

AUC = .91 (95 % CI .84–.97)

Johansen et al, 2013

(Norwegian) [46]

NP

249

RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #1 pain, #5 headache, and #9 sleep

–

–

rp = .59 HSCL

rp = .58 NRS

NDI-7: rp = .56 NRS

rp = .43 TSK

NDI-7: rp = .54 HSCL

–

–

Shaheen et al, 2013 (Arabic) [47]

Neck complaints

65

2 factors: activity of daily living (F#1); pain and concentration (F#2)

α = .89

F#1: α = .86

F#2: α = .77

ICC2,1 = .96 (95 % CI .93–.97)

F#1: ICC2,1 = .86 (95 % CI .52–.79)

F#2: ICC2,1 = .77 (95 % CI .66–.85)

rp = .92

–

–

–

Walton & MacDermid, 2013 (English) [58]

Mechanical NP

316

RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #1 pain, #3 lifting, #4 reading, #5 headache, and #9 sleep

–

ICC2,1 = .92 (95 % CI 85–.96)

NDI-5: ICC2,1 = .94 (95 % CI.83–.86)

rp = .71 NRS

rp = .64 PCS

rp = .53 TSK

NDI-5: rp = .71 PCS

NDI-5: rp = .67 NPRS

NDI-5: rp = .54 TSK

MDC90 = 4.5 points

SEM = 1.95 points

ES = .71

NDI-5: MDC90 = 2.7 points

SEM = 1.15 points

ES = .85

AUC = .76 (95 % CI .63–.89)

NDI-5: AUC = .72 (95 % CI .59–.86)

Cramer et al, 2014 (German) [48]

Chronic NSNP >12 weeks

558

1 factor

α = .81

ICC = .81 (95 % CI.78–.83)

rs = -.45–-0.30 SF-36 subscales

–

–

Johansen et al, 2014 (Norwegian) [89]

NP

255

–

α = .83–.91

ICC = .84 (95 % CI.72–.91)

–

MDC = 6.15 points

SEM = 4.44 points

MCID = 8.3 points

AUC = .70 (95 % CI .58–.82)

Swanenburg et al, 2014 (German) [52]

Outpatients with NP

49

2 factors

α = .96

ICC(2,1) = .92 (95 % CI.84–.96)

rs = .55 VAS-P

MDC = 6.16 points

SEM = 2.22 points

–

Hung et al, 2015

(English) [56]

Neck complaints

865

RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #2 personal care, and #5 headache

–

–

–

–

–

Ailliet et al, 2015 (Dutch) [90]

NP

337

–

–

ICC = .88

LoA = -5.02– + 5.60

–

MDC = 5.40 points SEM = 1.95 points

MCID = 4.50 points AUC = .85

Cruz, 2015 (Portuguese) [49]

Chronic NP (for at least 3 months)

113

1 factor

α = .95

ICC = .91 (95 % CI.87–.94)

LoA = 1.59 ± 3.70

rs = .49 NRS

–

–

Joseph et al, 2015 (Marathi) [50]

NP > 3 months

81

–

α = .97

ICC = .95

r = .95 VAS-P

–

–

Monticone et al, 2015 (Italian) [24]

Outpatients with chronic NP

200

–

–

–

–

ES = .66

SRM = 1.09

GRI = .70

MCID = 3.5 points

AUC = .96 (spec .81; sens .98)

Bakhtadze et al, 2015 (Russian) [51]

Acute (≤12 weeks) or chronic (≥12 week) NP

80/109

2 factors

α = .83

F#1: α = .82

F#2: α = .66

ICC = .91 (95 % CI.86–.94)

rs = .62 GRS-P

MDC = 5.4 points

 

Pereira et al, 2015 (Portuguese) [91]

Chronic NP

108

–

–

–

–

MDC95 = 12 points

SEM = 4.27 points

MCID = 5.5 points

AUC = .59 (spec .57; sens .61)

  1. α Cronbach’s alpha, AUC area under the curve, CI confidence interval, DASH disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire, DEPS depression scale, DRI disability rating index, ES effect size, Est extension, Flex flexion, GRI Guyatt’s responsiveness Index, GRS-P 11-point numerical graphic rating scale for pain, HADS-A hospital anxiety and depression scale of anxiety, HADS-D hospital anxiety and depression scale of depression, HSCL Hopkins symptom checklist–25, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient, k Cohen's kappa, LoA limits of agreement, MCID minimal clinically important difference, MDC minimal detectable change, MDC 90 minimal detectable change at the 90 % confidence level, MDC 95 minimal detectable change at the 95 % confidence level, NBQ neck Bournemouth questionnaire, NDI neck disability index, NP neck pain, NPDS neck pain and disability scale, NPQ northwick park questionnaire, NRS numeric rating scale, PCS pain catastrophizing scale, PET problem elicitation technique, r correlation coefficient, r p Pearson correlation coefficient, r s Spearman correlation coefficient, RA Rasch analysis, ROM range of motion, Rot rotation, SEM standard error of measurement, Sens sensitivity, SF-36 PF subscale the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey physical functioning subscale, Spec specificity, SRM standardized response mean, TSK tampa scale for kinesiophobia, VAS-A visual analogue scale for activity, VAS-D visual analogue scale for disability, VAS-P visual analogue scale for pain