ITEM NO | ITEM DESCRIPTION | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 BRIEF NAME | MVMI Group | MMI Group | MI Group |
Music- and verbally cued MI | Music-cued MI | Non-cued MI | |
2 WHY | PETTLEP approach to MI (Holmes and Collins 2001) | ||
3 WHAT MATERIALS | - Study CDs or dropbox link including the audio mix and download to smartphone, laptop, tablet or MP3-player | ||
- 4 sessions on each CD, one for each week | |||
- Headphones or earphones could be used if desired | |||
Study CD Content | - Kinaesthetic MI instructions | - Kinaesthetic MI instructions | - Kinaesthetic MI instructions |
- Instrumental music in 2/4 or 4/4 m | - Instrumental music in 2/4 or 4/4 m | ||
- Emphasis of every first beat, or every first and third beat by rhythmic verbal cues (e.g. “toe-off” or “step-step”) | |||
For example, music titles used in week two were: Unheilig, Der Berg (Intro), 82 bpm; Black, Wonderful Life, 106 bpm; Malcolm Arnold, The River Kwai March, 120 bpm; Uriah Heep, Lady in black, 86 bpm; Abba, Dancing queen, 101 bpm; Toto, Africa, 100 bpm; DJ Bobo, I’m living to love you, 110 bpm; Katy Perry, Firework, 120 bpm. | No cueing | ||
Availability of CDs | After completion of the main study, a download of the 3 study CDs will be available upon request from the corresponding author. | ||
4 WHAT PROCEDURES | - MI introduction, familiarisation and training: in lay language; description of the concept of MI; its application and effects in sports and neurorehabilitation; principles of neuroplasticity; MI perspectives (internal and external) and modes (visual, kinaesthetic). | ||
- Measurement of actual and imagined walking duration over a 6-m distance to monitor the mental process | |||
- Performance feedback for participants and repeated training if desired | |||
- Weekly phone calls for support and adherence reports | |||
- Additional introduction to rhythmic auditory stimulation plus its use in neurorehabilitation | |||
- Rhythmic-cued MI familiarisation | |||
PETTLEP Elements | |||
Position (Physical) | - Practise at any time of the day when alert | ||
- Seated in an upright body position | |||
- Shoulders relaxed | |||
- Avoid tightening the muscles or moving | |||
- Eyes closed | |||
- Normal breathing | |||
Environment | - Practice in a quiet place at home | ||
- Imagine walking indoors (long hallway similar to that in the MS Clinic) and walking outdoors (on a straight and familiar path) | |||
Tasks | - Take long strides | ||
- Take giant strides | |||
- Roll your feet on the ground and feel your body weight on your soles | |||
- Touch the ground with your heels first | |||
- Raise the front of your feet | |||
- Raise your knees | |||
- Pace | |||
- Place/feel your weight on your feet | |||
- Place/feel your weight on your legs | |||
- Stamp your feet while walking | |||
- Walk effortlessly, almost as if you were floating | |||
- Walk forcefully and energetically as if you were an athlete | |||
- March as if you were in the army | |||
- Walk in an extremely upright posture such as when balancing a sachet, filled with rice, on your head | |||
- Feel the swinging of your arms while walking | |||
- Feel the swinging of your legs while walking | |||
Timing | External timing was provided: “imagine yourself walking in time with the music and verbal cues” | External timing was provided: “imagine yourself walking in time with the music” | Timing was internal and depended on the tempo and intensity of the walking tasks. |
- Tempo (cadence) was between 80 and 120 steps/min | |||
- Slow, medium and fast music pieces alternated, with a general progression in the tempo | |||
- The imagined walking tempo was consistent with the music beat at 80–120 bpm. | |||
Learning | - See familiarisation | ||
- Additionally, weekly phone call support was provided | |||
Emotion | MI instructions included motivational and arousal enhancing aspects (e.g. walk forcefully and energetically as if you were an athlete). See instructions under Tasks. | ||
Motivational instrumental music was used with the MI | |||
Perspective | Kinaesthetic MI from an internal, first-person perspective | ||
5 WHO PROVIDED | The intervention including the preparation of the CDs was provided by the researcher (BS), an experienced physiotherapist with 11 years of musical training. | ||
6 HOW | - MI introduction, familiarisation and training: individually or in small groups (2–3 participants) and depending on the group they were allocated to | ||
- Monitoring of mental process: individually | |||
- Weekly phone calls: individually | |||
7 WHERE | - MI introduction, familiarisation, training and monitoring of mental process: at MS Clinic Innsbruck, Department of Physiotherapy | ||
- Cued MI practice: At participants’ homes | MI practice: At participants’ homes | ||
8 WHEN AND HOW MUCH | 17 min, 6 times a week, for 4 weeks | ||
9 TAILORING | Same intervention for all participants | Same intervention for all participants | Same intervention for all participants |
10 MODIFICATIONS | No modifications | No modifications | No modifications |
11 HOW WELL PLANNED | - Intervention adherence was assessed using a participant diary and also during weekly phone calls and at post-intervention | ||
- Recording in excel sheets was performed by the researcher (physiotherapist) who instructed participants | |||
12 HOW WELL ACTUAL | The adherence rate was median 5 (range 4, 6) times per week or 83% (95% confidence interval 0.42, 0.99). |