Table 1 Definitions of Posterior Shoulder Tightness

Salamh et al. [20]

‘PST has been defined as a limitation of the extensibility within the posterior soft tissue of the shoulder including both contractile and non-contractile elements as well as osseous changes as seen in the form of humeral torsion within the overhead athlete through training adaptations’ (pg 179)

Mine et al. [19]

‘PST is clinically measured by passive shoulder horizontal adduction with the scapula stabilized in supine or side-lying. GIRD is generally characterized as concurrent deficits of internal rotation (IR) and total arc of motion in the dominant side’ (pg 294)

Borstad et al. [18]

‘Posterior shoulder tightness is most often assessed by quantifying horizontal adduction (HAD) or supine glenohumeral joint (GHJ) internal rotation (IR) range of motion’ (pg 875–876)

Dashottar et al. [21]

‘The internal rotation (IR) loss is attributed to osseous and soft tissue adaptations and is referred to as posterior shoulder tightness (PST)’ (pg 499)

Myers et al. [22]

‘Operationally defined PST as the percentage difference in the amount of horizontal adduction’ (pg 1923)