Table 1 Selection criteria

 Inclusion criteria

1) Observable behaviors related to the experience of pain

2) Human participants

3) Adult participants (> 18 years-old)

 Exclusion criteria

1) Participants with cognitive or communicative impairments

2) Studies in other language than English and French

 Inclusion criteria

1) Participants with musculoskeletal pain

2) Use of a direct observation method with enough details to reproduce it

 Inclusion criterion

1) behavior that can be directly observed by clinicians