Table 3 Effect on VR clinical measurements

Pain

 VAS (start of session)

68

4.5 (2.1)

3.8 (1.9)

15.1

0.7 (0.3, 1.04)

3.7

 < 0.001

 VAS (end of session)

66

4.1 (1.7)

3.6 (1.9)

11.5

0.5 (0.1, 0.8)

2.8

0.007

 Delta VAS (In session)

67

0.20 (0.7)

-0.02 (0.5)

110.0

0.2 (0.03, 0.4)

2.3

0.02

Range of Movement

 Flexion left

11

164.0 (24.4)

166.0 (17.5)

1.2

-1.6 (-21.9, 18.7)

-0.2

0.87

 Flexion right

11

164.0 (25.0)

167.0 (17.7)

1.8

-2.7 (-23.4, 18.1)

-0.3

0.78

 Abduction left

10

183.0 (24.4)

187.0 (32.5)

2.2

-4.1 (-29.8, 21.6)

-0.4

0.73

 Abduction right

11

174.0 (37.1)

192.0 (29.6)

10.3

-17.9 (-47.2, 11.3)

-1.4

0.20

 Horizontal abduction left

10

75.1 (32.8)

85.6 (16.3)

13.9

-10.4 (-31.3, 10.4)

-1.1

0.29

 Horizontal abduction right

9

81.6 (29.0)

92.2 (29.0)

12.9

-10.5 (-39.5, 18.4)

-0.8

0.43

Quality of movement

 Left hand

80

72.4 (12.0)

72.3 (11.3)

0.1

0.2 (-2.5, 2.9)

0.1

0.91

 Right hand

80

72.4 (12.4)

73.4 (10.7)

1.4

-1.0 (-3.9, 1.9)

-0.7

0.49

 Average

81

70.8 (11.0)

72.7 (10.4)

2.7

-1.9 (-4.6, 0.9)

-1.4

0.18

 Peak velocity left hand

78

1.8 (0.6)

1.9 (0.6)

5.6

-0.1 (-0.2, 0.04)

-1.4

0.16

 Peak velocity right hand

78

1.9 (0.7)

1.9 (0.6)

3.2

-0.1 (-0.2, 0.1)

-0.8

0.41

 Peak velocity average

78

1.8 (0.6)

1.9 (0.6)

2.7

-0.01 (-0.2, 0.1)

-0.7

0.49

 Response time left hand

80

621.0 (179.0)

489.0 (143.0)

21.3

131.9 (87.8, 176.1)

5.6

 < 0.001

 Response time right hand

79

603.0 (169.0)

475.0 (130.0)

21.2

127.7 (89.2, 166.3)

6.6

 < 0.001

 Response time average

81

513.0 (229.0)

393.0 (181.0)

23.4

120.3 (67.1, 173.5)

4.5

 < 0.001

 Efficiency left hand

74

80.9 (9.5)

80.9 (7.5)

0

0.01 (-1.9, 1.9)

.006

0.99

 Efficiency right hand

75

81.3 (8.9)

81.8 (6.4)

-0.5

-0.5 (-2.5, 1.5)

-0.5

0.63

 Efficiency average

75

80.9 (8.95)

81.1 (6.9)

0.6

-0.1 (-2.1, 1.8)

-0.1

0.90

 Action time left hand

62

1050.0 (256.0)

1005.0 (218.0)

0.3

44.8 (-13.9, 103.6)

1.5

0.13

 Action time right hand

61

1036.0 (256.0)

993.0 (205.0)

4.3

43.3 (-16.9, 103.4)

1.4

0.16

 Action time average

73

744.0 (520.0)

726.0 (443.0)

4.2

17.4 (-86.9, 121.8)

0.3

0.74

 Speed

62

11.6 (4.98)

12.7 (4.7)

2.4

-1.1 (-2.8, 0.50)

-1.4

0.17

Neck rotation

 ROM rotation right

17

64.4 (9.42)

70.6 (8.9)

9.6

9.6 (-10.4, -1.8)

-3.0

0.007

 ROM rotation left

16

65.1 (8.75)

70.5 (10.9)

8.3

8.3 (-10.6, -0.1)

-2.2

0.04

 ROM extension

17

50.3 (11.4)

54.9 (14.3)

9.2

9.2 (-10.7, 1.5)

1.6

0.13

 ROM flexion

17

55.6 (9.30)

64.5 (10.1)

16.0

16.0 (-12.7, -5.1)

-4.9

 < 0.001

 ROM side bending right

15

32.4 (11.0)

34.9 (15.2)

7.7

7.7 (-8.2, 3.2)

-0.9

0.37

 ROM side bending left

15

32.5 (12.7)

34.8 (16.4)

7.1

7.1 (-8.8, 4.2)

-0.8

0.46

 Session accuracy

43

88.8 (7.4)

92.0 (5.9)

3.6

3.6 (-5.4, -1.1)

-3.0

0.004

 Session constant error

39

2.6 (1.3)

1.9 (0.6)

26.3

26.3 (0.3, 1.1)

3.5

0.001

 Final speed level

69

7.5 (4.1)

9.3 (4.8)

23.9

23.9 (-3.1, -0.5)

-2.8

0.007

Memory

 Final number of items

35

3.2 (1.3)

4.3 (1.8)

33.7

33.7 (-1.6, -0.5)

-3.9

 < 0.001