Table 3 Psychometric properties of the neck pain and disability scale
Authors, year (language) | Population | Sample size | Dimensionality | Internal consistency | Reliability | Validity | Responsiveness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distribution-based methods | Anchor-based methods | |||||||
Wheeler et al, 1999 (English) [65] | NP | 100 | 4 factors: neck problems; pain intensity; effect of neck pain on motion and cognition; neck pain interference with life activities | α = .93 | – | rp = .78 ODI rp = .80 PDI rp = .52 BDI | – | – |
Goolkasian et al, 2002 (English) [73] | NP | 83 | – | – | rp = .93 | r = .59 Patient GAS r = .59 Physician GAS r = .74 PDI r = .72 NDI | – | – |
Wlodyka-Demaille et al, 2002 (French) [28] | NP >15 days | 101 | 3 factors: function and disability; neck pain intensity during movement; static neck pain intensity | – | ICC = .91 | rs = .79 NDI rs = .73 NPQ rs = .63 VAS-D rs = .51 VAS-P rs = .40 HADS-A rs = .49 HADS-D rs = -.45 ROM (Flex-Ext) | – | – |
Bicer et al, 2004 (Turkish) [69] | NP >6 months | 61 | – | α = .86 Item to total correlation from .08 to .69 | – | r = .51 PDI r = .45 VAS-P | – | – |
Wlodyka-Demaille et al, 2004 (French) [75] | NP >15 days | 71 | – | – | – | – | ES = .46 SRM = .38 | – |
Lee et al, 2006 (Korean) [29] | NP | 180 | – | α = .96 | ICC = .90(95 % CI .83–.95) | – | ES = 1.07 SRM = 1.34 | AUC = .79 (95 % CI 72–.86) |
Kose et al, 2007 (Turkish) [31] | NP >6 weeks | 102 | – | α = .94 | ICC = .81 | r = .40 Morning stiffness r = .73 VAS-P r = .69 VAS-D r = .46 VAS-Physician’s assessment r = .49 Pain with motion | SRM = .89–.92 | – |
Mousavi et al, 2007 (Iranian) [32] | NP | 185 | 4 factors: neck dysfunction and disability (F#1), neck pain intensity (F#2), neck pain during movement (F#3), static neck pain problems (F#4) | F#1: α = .94 F#2: α = .92 F#3: α = .84 F#4: α = .75 | F#1: ICC = .95 F#2: ICC = .97 F#3: ICC = .92 F#4: ICC = .90 | F#1: rp = -.69 to -.40 SF-36 subscales F#2: rp = -.57 to -.24 SF-36 subscales F#3: rp = -.54 to -.17 SF-36 subscales F#4: rp = -.63 to -.18 SF-36 subscales F#1: rp = .63 VAS-P F#2: rp = .77 VAS-P F#3: rp = .79 VAS-P F#4: rp = .46 VAS-P Total NPDS: rp = .86 NDI | – | – |
Monticone et al, 2008 (Italian) [20] | NP subacute (pain >4 weeks) and chronic (pain >12 weeks) | 157 | 3 factors: neck dysfunction related to general activities (F#1), neck pain and cognitive-behavioral aspects (F#2), neck dysfunction related to activities of the cervical spine (F#3) | Total NPDS: α = .94 F#1: α = .92 F#2: α = .86 F#3: α = .89 | Total NPDS: rs = .91 F#1: rs = .89 F#2: rs = .93 F#3: rs = .92 | rP = -.47 SF-36 rP = -.45 to -.17 SF-36 subscales | – | – |
Scherer et al, 2008 (German) [67] | NP | 448 | 3 factors | α = .94 Item-to-total correlation from .46 to .82 | – | rp = .44 HADS-D rp = .41 HADS-A | – | – |
Chan et al, 2009 (English) [74] | NP | 20 | – | – | – | rp = .71 PET rp = .86 NDI | – | – |
Jorritsma et al, 2010 (Dutch) [70] | NP >3 months | 33 | – | – | ICC = .76 (95 % CI .57–.87) LoA: ±20.9 | – | – | – |
Wu et al, 2010 (Chinese) [38] | NP >3 months | 125 | 3 factors: neck disfunction and disability (F#1), neck pain intensity during movement (F#2), static neck pain intensity (F#3) | F#1: α = .91 F#2: α = .88 F#3: α = .82 | F#1: ICC = .94 F#2: ICC = .92 F#3: ICC = .86 | Total NPDS: rp = .81 NDI F#1: rp = -.61 to -.20 SF-36 subscales F#2: rp = -.58 to -.19 SF-36 subscales F#3: rp = -.61 to -.22 SF-36 subscales F#1: rp = .72 VAS-P F#2: rp = .62 VAS-P F#3: rp = .76 VAS-P | – | – |
Blozik et al, 2011 (German) [72] | NP | 411 | – | – | – | – | MDC = 3 points SEM = .9 points SRM = 1.1 | – |
Chen et al, 2011 (Chinese) [68] | NP >3 months | 106 | 4 factors: pain (F#1), disability (F#2), Neck specific function (F#3), emotional and cognitive influences (F#4) | Total NPDS: α = .97 F#1: α = .93 F#2: α = .95 F#3: α = .95 F#4: α = .91 Item-to-total correlation: from .68 to .88 | Total NPDS: r = .81 F#1: r = .89 F#2: r = .97 F#3: r = .91 F#4: r = .94 | Total NPDS: rp = -.72 SF-36 Total NPDS: rp = -.71 to -.12 SF-36 subscales F#1: rp = -.74 SF-36 F#1: rp = -.71 to -.05 SF-36 subscales F#2: rp = -.67 SF-36 F#2: rp = -.65 to -.14 SF-36 subscales F#3: rp = -.49 SF-36 F#3: rp = -.65 to -.04 SF-36 subscales F#4: rp = -.63 SF-36 F#4: rp = -.63 to -.12 SF-36 subscales | – | – |
Ono et al, 2011 (Japanese) [71] | NP | 167 | 2 factors: neck-pain-related disability (F#1) and neck-related pain (F#2) | Total NPDS α = .96 F#1: α = .94 F#2: α = .93 | Total NDPS: ICC = .77 F#1: ICC = .75 F#2: ICC = .77 | Total NPDS: rp = -.54 to -.24 SF-36 subscales F#1: rp = -.50 to -.24 SF-36 subscales F#2: rp = -.51 to -.22 SF-36 subscales Total NPDS: rp = .71 VAS-P F#1: rp = .56 VAS-P F#2: rp = .77 VAS-P Total NPDS: rp = .59 VAS-D F#1: rp = .48 VAS-D F#2: rp = .63 VAS-D | – | – |
Pickering et al,, 2011 (English) [55] | NP | 88 | 3 factors: dysfunction related to general activities and the impact of participation restriction on psychosocial function; neck pain and interference with neck-specific function; cognitive and emotional functioning | – | – | – | – | – |
Uthaikhup et al, 2011 (Thai) [40] | NP | 172 | 3 factors: disability (F#1), pain (F#2) neck specific function (F#3) | Total NDPS: α = .96 F#1: α = .94 F#2: α = .90 F#3: α = .92 | Total NDPS: ICC = .88 F#1: ICC = .81 F#2: ICC = .91 F#3: ICC = .74 | Total NPDS: rs = .76 VAS-P F#1: rs = .74 VAS-P F#2: rs = .65 VAS-P F#3: rs = .61 VAS-P | MDC = 21.8 points SEM = 7.9 | – |
Jorritsma et al, 2012a (Dutch) [62] | NP | 125 | – | α = .93 Item-total correlations from .45 to .73 | – | rp = -.70 to -.36 SF-36 subscales rp = .54 VAS-P rp = .57 VAS-D rp = .77 NDI | – | – |
Jorritsma et al, 2012b (Dutch) [64] | NP | 125 | – | – | – | – | MDC = 31.7 points SEM = 11.4 | MCID = 11.5 points (Sens .74; Spec .70) AUC = .75 (95 % CI .62–.87) |
Monticone et al, 2015 (Italian) [24] | NP | 200 | – | – | – | – | ES = .73 SRM = 1.26 GRI = .73 | MCID = 10 points AUC = .91 (Sens .93; Spec .83) |