Table 1 Description and summary table of included trials
Author, year, country of origin | Clinical Presentation | n I/C | Gender m/f | Intervention | Control | Adherence Measure | Follow-up period | Control adherence | Intervention adherence | Difference (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chung et al. (2020) [16] Hong Kong | Stroke | 56 27/29 | 31/25 | Home exercise program using a pamphlet, but with additional access to video guided demonstrations of each exercise by scanning QR codes on exercise sheets | Home exercise programme supplied in pamphlet form with pictures and instructions | Self-report, visual analogue scale (0–100) | 3-months | 55.2% | 75.6% | 0.021 |
Bennell et al. (2019) [17] Australia and New Zealand | MSK conditions (including back, shoulder, rotator cuff, knee and hip) | 305 152/153 | 127/178 | Individualised home exercise program using ‘Physitrack’. Exercises in the system included a description and video of the exercise. Patients could review, record and monitor exercise completion, set up reminders via sms/email and send messages to the physiotherapist | Individualised home exercise program. Included written exercise instructions, exercise logbooks and printed diagrams | Self-report, numerical rating scale (0–11) | 3-weeks | 6.2 | 7.3 | 0.002 |
Alasfour and Almarwani (2020) [18] Saudi Arabia | Women aged over 50 with knee osteoarthritis | 40 20/20 | 0/40 | Strengthening exercise program for knee extensors and hip abductors. Additional access to the ‘My Dear Knee’ app, which contained a guide for exercise and send notifications | Strengthening exercise program for knee extensors and hip abductors | Self-report, Exercise logbook | 6-weeks | 60.19 | 85.35 | 0.002 |
Grau-Pellicer et al. (2019) [19] Spain | Stroke | 34 21/13 | N/A | Multimodal rehabilitation program with supervising adherence to activity through an ‘mHealth’ app, 8-week rehabilitation program including: aerobic, task-oriented, balance and stretching exercises. Two 1-h sessions per week | Conventional remote rehabilitation program | Self-report, ambulatory and sedentary time | 3-months | Ambulatory 34.00 min/day Sedentary 9.84 h/day | Ambulatory 90.85 min/day Sedentary 4.40 h/day | 0.034 0.012 |
Van Reijen et al. (2016) [20] The Netherlands | Athletes aged 18–70 who had sustained an ankle sprain within the past 2 months | 220 110/110 | 110/110 | 8-week neuromuscular training programme using an app. App provided the user with instructional videos and verbal instructions. 3 sessions per week, max duration of 30 min each session | 8-week neuromuscular training programme using a booklet. The booklet included pictures of the exercises that were to be performed | Self-report, compliance questionnaire | 8-weeks | 76.7% | 73.3% | > 0.05 |
Chen et al. (2017) [21] Taiwan | Frozen shoulder following corticosteroid injection | 60 32/28 | 23/37 | Shoulder exercises prescribed twice per day for a duration of 5-min. Provided with a pamphlet with pictures of the exercises. Additional reminders, encouragement, and educational messages daily for 2-weeks via SMS | Shoulder exercises prescribed twice per day for a duration of 5-min. Provided with a pamphlet with pictures of the exercises | Self-report, two daily questions: | 2-weeks | 85.2% | 96.63% | 0.03 |
Baker et al. (2020) [22] USA | Aged over-50 with knee osteoarthritis | 104 52/52 | 19/85 | Progressive resistive strength training program delivered in a group exercise class. Twice per week for 6-weeks. Then prescribed BOOST home exercise program. Twice per week for 24-months. Additional BOOST-TLC program which received weekly calls for 6-months, then monthly for the remaining 18-months | Progressive resistive strength training program delivered in a group exercise class. Twice per week for 6-weeks. Then prescribed BOOST home exercise program. Twice per week for 24-months | Self-report, Single item exercise adherence assessment | 24-months | 4.01 | 3.63 | 0.57 |
Lambert et al. (2017) [23] Australia | Upper or lower limb msk injury or condition | 80 40/40 | 28/52 | 4-week home exercise program. Completed once per day, 3–7 times per week. Participants received exercises via an app. Additional weekly motivational SMS and phone calls | 4-week home exercise program. Completed once per day, 3–7 times per week. Participants received exercises on a paper handout | Self-report, numerical rating scale (0–10) | 4-weeks | 6.5 | 7.8 | 0.01 |
Bennell et al. (2020) [24] Australia | Aged over 50, knee pain on most days of the past month or knee pain for over 3 months | 110 56/54 | 36/74 | Undertake allocated TARGET prescribed home exercise program unsupervised for 24-weeks. Exercise 3-times per week. Received an automated SMS intervention. Participants received up to 5-messages weekly, frequency reduced over the 24 weeks | Undertake allocated TARGET prescribed home exercise program unsupervised for 24-weeks. Exercise 3-times per week. Received paper-based instructions and an optional logbook to record their sessions | Self-report, Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (Section B) | 24-weeks | 13.3 | 16.5 | 0.01 |
Svingen et al. (2021) [25] Sweden | Adults post-surgical repair of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon | 101 52/49 | 66/35 | Standard hand rehabilitation, which included home exercises, information about the injury, restrictions regarding use of hands. Home exercises included active and passive flexion / extension of the interphalangeal joints. Total of 12-weeks. Additional access to an app called ‘BOJSENSKADA’. Including videos of the exercises, notifications, and an exercise diary | Standard hand rehabilitation, which included home exercises, information about the injury, restrictions regarding use of hands. Home exercises included active and passive flexion / extension of the interphalangeal joints. Total of 12-weeks | Self-report, questionnaire at 2- and 6-weeks post-surgery | 6-weeks | 12.8 | 11.8 | 0.123 |