WHO | Primary health care. http://www.who.int/topics/primary_health_care/en/. Accessed 15 Feb 2016.
Murphy BP, Greathouse D, Matsui I. Primary Care Physical Therapy Practice Models. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2005;35:699–707.
Article
Google Scholar
McGill T. Effectiveness of physical therapists serving as primary care musculoskeletal providers as compared to family practice providers in a deployed combat location: a retrospective medical chart review. Mil Med. 2013;178:1115–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Donato EB, DuVall RE, Godges JJ, Zimmerman GJ, Greathouse DG. Practice analysis: defining the clinical practice of primary contact physical therapy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34:284–304.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
American Physical Therapy Association. Guide to physical therapist practice. Second Edition. Phys Ther. 2001;81:9–746.
Google Scholar
Association CP. Primary Health Care. Ottawa: Position Statement; 2005.
Google Scholar
James JJ, Stuart RB. Expanded role for the physical therapist. Screening musculoskeletal disorders. Phys Ther. 1975;55:121–31.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greathouse DG, Schreck RC, Benson CJ. The United States Army Physical Therapy Experience: Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Neuromusculoskeletal Disorders. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 1994;19:261–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Tischner C. Kaiser Permanente moves forards with physical therapists in primary care. Orthop Pract. 1998;10:19.
Google Scholar
Holdsworth L, Webster V, McGayden A. What are the costs to NHS Scotland for self-referral to physiotherapy? Results of a national trial. Physiotherapy. 2007;93:3–11.
Article
Google Scholar
Leemrijse CJ, Swinkels IC, Veenhof C. Direct access to physical therapy in the Netherlands: results from the first year in community-based physical therapy. Phys Ther. 2008;88:936–46.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Ackerman I, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Ali MK, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Bahalim AN, Barker-Collo S, Barrero LH, Bartels DH, Basáñez M-G, Baxter A, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2163–96.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO. Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions: Building Blocks for Action. 2002.
Google Scholar
Du S, Yuan C, Xiao X, Chu J, Qiu Y, Qian H. Self-management programs for chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Educ Couns. 2011;85:e299–310.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kroon FPB, van der Burg LRA, Buchbinder R, Osborne RH, Johnston RV, Pitt V. Self-management education programmes for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD008963.
Google Scholar
Nolte S, Osborne RH. A systematic review of outcomes of chronic disease self-management interventions. Qual Life Res. 2013;22:1805–16.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Richardson J, Loyola-Sanchez A, Sinclair S, Harris J, Letts L, Macintyre NJ, Wilkins S, Burgos-Martinez G, Wishart L, McBay C, Martin Ginis K. Self-management interventions for chronic disease: a systematic scoping review. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28(11):1067–77.
World Confederation for Physical Therapy. Description of Physical Therapy: Policy Statement. London: World Confederation for Physical Therapy; 2011. appendix 1.
Google Scholar
Louw A, Diener I, Butler DS, Puentedura EJ. The effect of neuroscience education on pain, disability, anxiety, and stress in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:2041–56.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Oosterwijck J, Nijs J, Meeus M, Truijen S, Craps J, Van den Keybus N, Paul L. Pain neurophysiology education improves cognitions, pain thresholds, and movement performance in people with chronic whiplash: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2011;48:43–58.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meeus M, Nijs J, Van Oosterwijck J, Van Alsenoy V, Truijen S. Pain physiology education improves pain beliefs in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome compared with pacing and self-management education: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:1153–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Williams AC, Eccleston C, Morley S. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD007407.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eccleston C, Morley SJ, Williams AC. Psychological approaches to chronic pain management: evidence and challenges. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111:59–63.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Busch AJ, Schachter CL, Overend TJ, Peloso PM, Barber KA. Exercise for fibromyalgia: A systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:1130–44.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Kuijpers T, Verhagen AP, Ostelo R, Koes BW, Van Tulder MW. A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2011;20:19–39.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Searle A, Spink M, Ho A, Chuter V. Exercise interventions for the treatment of chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(12):1155–67.
Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin J-P, Blanchette S, Lalonde P, Christie T, Dupont G, Graham N, Burnie SJ, Gelley G, Goldsmith CH, Forget M, Hoving JL, Brønfort G, Santaguida PL. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD004250.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yin RK. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications; 2013.
Baxter P, Jack S. Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. Qual Rep. 2008;13:544–59.
Google Scholar
Swiontkowski MF, Engelberg R, Martin DP, Agel J. Short musculoskeletal function assessment questionnaire: validity, reliability, and responsiveness. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:1245–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jensen MP. Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain. 1999;83:157–162.
Minnock P, Kirwan J, Bresnihan B. Fatigue is a reliable, sensitive and unique outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:1533–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Amtmann D, Cook KF, Jensen MP, Chen W-H, Choi S, Revicki D, Cella D, Rothrock N, Keefe F, Callahan L, Lai J-S. Development of a PROMIS item bank to measure pain interference. Pain. 2010;150:173–82.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sullivan MJL, Bishop S, Pivik J. The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation. Psychol Assess. 1995;7:432–524.
Article
Google Scholar
Scott W, Wideman TH, Sullivan MJL. Clinically meaningful scores on pain catastrophizing before and after multidisciplinary rehabilitation: a prospective study of individuals with subacute pain after whiplash injury. Clin J Pain. 2014;30:183–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sullivan MJ, Thorn B, Haythornthwaite JA, Keefe F, Martin M, Bradley LA, Lefebvre JC. Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:52–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tkachuk GA, Harris CA. Psychometric properties of the tampa scale for kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11). J Pain. 2012;13:970–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sullivan MJL, Scott W, Trost Z. Perceived injustice: a risk factor for problematic pain outcomes. Clin J Pain. 2012;28:484–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Catley MJ, O’Connell NE, Moseley GL. How good is the neurophysiology of pain questionnaire? A rasch analysis of psychometric properties. J Pain. 2013;14:818–27.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nicholas MK. Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (Pseq). 1989. p. 5–6.
Google Scholar
Nicholas MK. The pain self-efficacy questionnaire: Taking pain into account. Eur J Pain. 2007;11:153–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Di Pietro F, Catley MJ, McAuley JH, Parkitny L, Maher CG, Costa Lda CM, Macedo LG, Williams CM, Moseley GL. Rasch analysis supports the use of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Phys Ther. 2014;94:91–100.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Löwe B, Kroenke K, Herzog W, Gräfe K. Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). J Affect Disord. 2004;81:61–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Manea L, Gilbody S, McMillan D. A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015;37:67–75.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ruggiero KJ: Psychometric Properties of the PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version. J Trauma Stress. 16:495– 502.
Conybeare D, Behar E, Solomon A, Newman MG, Borkovec TD. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version: reliability, validity, and factor structure in a nonclinical sample. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68:699–713.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Casarett D. Designing Pain Research From the Patient’s Perspective: What Trial End Points Are Important to Patients With Chronic Pain? Pain Med. 2001;2:309–16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Feuerstein M, Hartzell M, Rogers HL, Marcus SC. Evidence-based practice for acute low back pain in primary care: patient outcomes and cost of care. Pain. 2006;124:140–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Langley P, Müller-Schwefe G, Nicolaou A, Liedgens H, Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G. The impact of pain on labor force participation, absenteeism and presenteeism in the European Union. J Med Econ. 2010;13:662–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Langley P, Müller-Schwefe G, Nicolaou A, Liedgens H, Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G. The societal impact of pain in the European Union: health-related quality of life and healthcare resource utilization. J Med Econ. 2010;13:571–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Munir F, Khan HTA, Yarker J, Haslam C, Long H, Bains M, Kalawsky K. Self-management of health-behaviors among older and younger workers with chronic illness. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;77:109–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carey ME, Mandalia PK, Daly H, Gray LJ, Hale R, Martin Stacey L, Taub N, Skinner TC, Stone M, Heller S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Increasing capacity to deliver diabetes self-management education: results of the DESMOND lay educator non-randomized controlled equivalence trial. Diabet Med. 2014;31:1431–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mandalia PK, Stone MA, Davies MJ, Khunti K, Carey ME. Diabetes self-management education: acceptability of using trained lay educators. Postgrad Med J. 2014;90:638–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coleman S, McQuade J, Rose J, Inderjeeth C, Carroll G, Briffa NK. Self-management for osteoarthritis of the knee: does mode of delivery influence outcome? BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11:56.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Darragh AR, Sommerich CM, Lavender SA, Tanner KJ, Vogel K, Campo M. Musculoskeletal Discomfort, Physical Demand, and Caregiving Activities in Informal Caregivers. J Appl Gerontol. 2013.
Ulirsch JC, Ballina LE, Soward AC, Rossi C, Hauda W, Holbrook D, Wheeler R, Foley KA, Batts J, Collette R, Goodman E, McLean SA. Pain and somatic symptoms are sequelae of sexual assault: results of a prospective longitudinal study. Eur J Pain. 2014;18:559–66.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hurwitz EL, Goldstein MS, Morgenstern H, Chiang L-M. The impact of psychosocial factors on neck pain and disability outcomes among primary care patients: results from the UCLA Neck Pain Study. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28:1319–29.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tunks ER, Crook J, Weir R. Epidemiology of chronic pain with psychological comorbidity: prevalence, risk, course, and prognosis. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53:224–34.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yalcin I, Barrot M. The anxiodepressive comorbidity in chronic pain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014;27:520–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nicholas MK, Asghari A, Corbett M, Smeets RJEM, Wood BM, Overton S, Perry C, Tonkin LE, Beeston L. Is adherence to pain self-management strategies associated with improved pain, depression and disability in those with disabling chronic pain? Eur J Pain. 2012;16:93–104.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liddy C, Blazkho V, Mill K. Challenges of self-management when living with multiple chronic conditions: systematic review of the qualitative literature. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60:1123–33.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jerant AF, von Friederichs-Fitzwater MM, Moore M. Patients’ perceived barriers to active self-management of chronic conditions. Patient Educ Couns. 2005;57:300–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Browne AJ, Varcoe CM, Wong ST, Smye VL, Lavoie J, Littlejohn D, Tu D, Godwin O, Krause M, Khan KB, Fridkin A, Rodney P, O’Neil J, Lennox S. Closing the health equity gap: evidence-based strategies for primary health care organizations. Int J Equity Health. 2012;11:59.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Salaffi F, Stancati A, Silvestri CA, Ciapetti A, Grassi W. Minimal clinically important changes in chronic musculoskeletal pain intensity measured on a numerical rating scale. Eur J Pain. 2004;8:283–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pettersson S, Lundberg IE, Liang MH, Pouchot J, Welin Henriksson E. Determination of the minimal clinically important difference for seven measures of fatigue in Swedish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol. 2015;44:206–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hapidou EG, O’Brien MA, Pierrynowski MR, de las Heras E, Patel M, Patla T. Fear and avoidance of movement in people with chronic pain: Psychometric properties of the 11-item Tampa scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11). Physiother Canada. 2012;64:235–41.
Article
Google Scholar
Maughan EF, Lewis JS. Outcome measures in chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2010;19:1484–94.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Norman GR, Sloan JA, Wyrwich KW. Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation. Med Care. 2003;41:582–92.
PubMed
Google Scholar